The Negative Effect Of Clubbing On The Body

The Negative Effect Of Clubbing On The Body The degrees of clubbing and video gaming have expanded in the twenty first century; anyway the individuals that go out dont know understand that they are succumbing to the unhidden perils of clubbing. Epilepsy and cardiovascular failures are conditions that have been related with pressure, terrible nourishment and other significant triggers of the conditions without understanding that even the alleged fun spots and contraptions we invest energy in can be a peril to our lives, or the lives of an epileptic. Generally utilized strobe lights in the clubs can prompt photograph touchy epilepsy which isnt only there to improve the publicity of the clubbing, yet are a genuine peril. The rhyme of the music in the dance club can likewise prompt extreme results, for example, heart failure. Along these lines in this task we will be attempting to make mindful to all individuals the risks of the pleasant side of our lives, for the most part to the youngsters who have adjusted to the twenty first c entury style of living. Negative impacts of music on the heart: A few kinds of music can make the cerebrum lose its balance between its privilege and left parts, or sides of the equator. It can in like manner create reduced work abilities in grown-ups. The particular kind of beat might be to blame. The kinds of music that cause these consequences for the cerebrum are generally forceful types of music, for example, overwhelming stone or rap. The anapestic beat causes the exchanging of the cerebrum, that is, the evenness that exists between the two sides of the equator of the mind is crushed. This strains the heart and makes a pressure the body, debilitating the muscles. (Heather, S, 2006, pg1) The anapaestic beat, which is the kind of musicality found in hard rock music, is known to be the specific inverse mood to that of our heart. Normally this interferes with the common mood of the heart, and upsets typical pulse and results in a strain or worry to the body. (Heather, S, 2006, pg1) Loud, quick paced music essentially expands the pulse and when pulse increments, cardiovascular yield and resultantly circulatory strain likewise go up. Circulatory strain is raised by fresh, rehashed harmonies. Both consonant and offensive harmonies apply a significant impact on a people heartbeat and breath. (Frederick, W, 2007, pg32) Exceptional or noisy music for example rock, electro result in the bodys arrival of the battle or flight hormones, for example epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol by the adrenal organs. This is trailed by the narrowing of the minuscule veins and subsequently the expansion in the pulse and pulse. (Navaro, R, 2009, pg73) the manner in which the body responds can be compared to a similar way it responds when under pressure or strain. Pulse speeding up is related with clamor , the beat and the melodic multifaceted nature of the music that is, as the rhythm increments and the music gets stronger and with the incorporation of a few instruments comes the stamped and fast increment in circulatory and cardiovascular action. (Kahn A,P, 2009, pg220) The expansion in pulse because of the strain welcomed on the body is balanced by blocking/hindrance of the focal thoughtful outpouring of the heart and fringe course. Baroreceptors can identify the adjustments in the vessel dividers, which happens because of the adjustments in the blood vessel pressure. The guideline happens consecutively, from the intermediolateral cell segment, to the preganglionic neurons, thoughtful ganglia, and to the post ganglionic thoughtful nerves coordinated to the heart, arterioles, veins and kidneys. This homeostatic procedure is alluded to as the Baroreflex negative criticism circle which is the bodys approach to respond to expanded circulatory strain. The conclusive outcome is a decline in circulatory strain and pulse. (Fink, 2000, pg241) http://s1.favim.com/orig/26/adidas-party-rave-strobe-lights-Favim.com-227934.jpg http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/768839063/SoundSystemSpkrWall.jpg (DJ in night club, n.d.) (Picture of a sound framework, n.d.) Beneficial outcome of Music on the Heart: Music can positively affect the body. This anyway does exclude house, club, rave or any music with a quick beat. Old style music can cause the pulse (beat) to unwind to the beat of the music as the cadence is moderate and quieting. Such old style music incorporates that of the extravagant period. As the pulse turns out to be increasingly loose so does the body, this takes into consideration expanded fixation. By having a diminished pulse a people circulatory strain will diminish as well, taking into consideration improved learning capacities. (Anon, 2012) Music doesnt simply influence the pulse, yet additionally the recurrence and adequacy of the cerebrum waves. This is estimated with an electroencephalogram. Just as affecting the breathing rate and the skins electrical opposition. So relying upon the pace of the music relies upon how the breathing rate, cerebrum waves and the skins electrical obstruction will be influenced. Quieting music will diminish the breathing rate in spite of the fact that the breaths that will be taken will be profound taking into consideration expanded oxygen to be provided all through the body. (Anon, 2012) How a respiratory failure occurs/What is a coronary episode: For our souls to work we need oxygen and supplements, this guarantees the heart continues pulsating. The rhymatic pulsating of the heart permits supplements and oxygen to be siphoned in and around the body which guarantees our endurance. When there is a lack or no oxygen, the heart won't have the option to work ordinarily. This is known as a respiratory failure or a coronary assault. (Anon, 2012) This happens when the coronary veins which convey the oxygen to the heart become blocked. This blockage can be because of cholesterol, fat and different substances which are referred to all in all as plaque. Making the courses become thick and hard. This is known as atherosclerosis. (Anon, 2012) This plaque is risky from various perspectives one of them being that the plaque can break in the coronary supply route causing a blood coagulation here. This blood coagulation hinders the coronary course, removing the blood gracefully to the heart. This is known as an ischemia. During this blockage if any harm or demise of any piece of the heart muscle has happened during an ischemia this is known as myocardial localized necrosis (MI). (Anon, 2012) There can likewise be an obstacle in the course other than a blockage prompting a coronary episode. (Anon, 2012) (With a portion of the previously mentioned respiratory failures, for example, atherosclerosis, there are no side effects as the body has made up for the narrowing of the coronary corridors by extending different supply routes.) (Anon, 2012) An angina assault can regularly be mistaken for a cardiovascular failure. An angina pectoris is the point at which the patient feels a sharp agony in his/her chest. This doesn't make any harm the heart muscle though a coronary episode does. An angina pectoris happens typically during exercise or passionate agony causing the patients pulse to increment past ordinary. (Anon, 2012) Different reasons for a respiratory failure can be a fit in the coronary course obstructing the blood flexibly stream towards the heart muscle upsetting the oxygen and crucial gracefully of supplements to the heart. The reason for the fit is obscure and can happen in a customary supply route or in one that has a blockage. In the event that the fit is serious this can prompt a coronary episode. (Anon, 2012) Heart failure is when there is a strange heart beat. This is marginally extraordinary to a respiratory failure since it is because of the hearts electrical framework. This is the point at which the electrical framework glitches. Heart failure now and then known as unexpected cardiovascular demise SCD is when there is an unpredictable heartbeat, Arrhymias. Most basic is ventricular fibrillation; this is the point at which the lower offices of the heart quit siphoning blood. Demise will happen in no time flat if CPR (cardiopulmonary revival) or utilizing a defibrillator to reestablish the typical heart beat. (Anon, 2012) Cautioning indications of a cardiovascular failure: Chest torment/distress Distress in the chest area districts Dyspnoea brevity of breath Cold sweats Queasiness Weakness woozy Palpitations heart warming quick (Anon, 2012) Hazard factors which advance coronary illness: Smoking Diet high in immersed fats Raised cholesterol levels Heftiness (Anon, 2012) How is a coronary episode rewarded? Treatment of a coronary episode might be both careful and non-careful. The sort of treatment regulated to a respiratory failure persistent relies upon the kind of coronary episode they are experiencing and treatment window (time range) in which treatment might be advertised. Since just a couple of clinics offer 24 hour percutaneous coronary mediation (PCI) strategies, clump dissolving drug is utilized to revive veins that might be stopped up. Such prescription may not be utilized on patients with neurological clutters, pregnant patients, patients who have had significant medical procedure or injury in the previous a month and a half and patients who had been spewing blood. (Amy and Elliot, 2006) Angioplasty Should a specialist conclude that a patient needs an angioplasty, supply route blockages will be seen on an angiogram (a x-beam of the hearts courses) in a catheterization research facility. A PCI is then performed by a cardiologist, where the patient will stay alert all through the entire system. During this technique the skin is desensitized, and a needle is embedded through the skin and a catheter and a delicate tipped guide wire are strung into the aorta, and afterward into the heart utilizing the needle. The catheter tip is gone through the supply routes that transport the blood to the heart. When the catheter is set up, a color is infused into the heart vessels to make any blockages obvious on x-beam. A little inflatable on the tip of the catheter is swelled to unblock the conduit. After the methodology, a stent is embedded where the blockage was. The stent is will remain for all time in the heart and may sometimes gradually discharge medicine after some time which forestalls t he development of scar tissue and furthermore forestalls the arrangement of clusters on that site. The recuperation procedure may then occur in the coronary consideration unit which is a serious

In future most of us will increasingly live in the virtual world of Essay

In future a large portion of us will progressively live in the virtual universe of the PC , utilizing it as a wellspring of guidance , diversion and companionship. Will this be a fortunate or unfortunate thing - Essay Example In the United Kingdom alone, insights show that 98 percent of the individuals who have a place in the age gathering of five to 18 use PCs for various purposes in the year 2002 in particular (â€Å"Activities undertaken,† n.d.). It was additionally found in another more extensive inclusion overview that 57% of British families have Internet access in the year 2006, a 11-point rate increment following a four-year time frame (National Statistics, 2006, p. 1). As appeared in these numbers, there is no disavowal that many are currently investing more energy in the virtual universe of the PCs. Regardless of whether these patterns are acceptable or not, this paper will endeavor to reply. On its fundamental figuring purposes, PCs are presently furnished with various highlights that permit individuals to do endless exercises that guide them in office or school-related works, gaming, overseeing one’s accounts, speaking with others, and associating with the Internet (Miller, 2007, pp. 10-11). With PCs, individuals can make reports, articles, register entangled bookkeeping issues, and numerous others whenever they need. Notwithstanding the fundamental projects made particularly for these PCs, virtual libraries and locales can give individuals much required data and administrations without venturing out of the house or workplaces. People, associations - government, non-government, private and the same - are presently persistently improving sites for the utilization of the general population; while others are free, numerous organizations are currently likewise utilizing the PCs and the Internet to give data and administrations to a charge. Youths and even grown-ups can likewise utilize PCs for playing or some other wellsprings of diversion. There are as of now a great deal of accessible PC games that anybody can download or play with different companions through systems of PCs or by means of on the web. Besides, PCs - particularly the Internet-based ones - can likewise be used in scanning for the well established to the most recent arrivals of

Appian Way Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Appian Way - Research Paper Example The Appian Way in Rome has been constantly accounted as one of the most punctual roman development works, which has wonderful centrality even in this cutting edge setting. This pathway development discovered its reality during 312 B.C. what's more, was built by ‘Appius Claudius Caecus’ who during that period held the situation of a ground-breaking political figure. This political figure was additionally known for the development of the crude reservoir conduit structures inside Rome in order to give consumable water to the whole country. The whole pathway spread over around a separation of 563 kilometers associating Rome and the Brindisi, Italy. Regarding chronicled criticalness, this street till date speaks to the starter period of conventional human building. Aside from simply being an indication of chronicled essentialness, the Appian Way reliably filled numerous different needs as well1. One of such reasons for existing was seen as the arrangement of a battling prefer red position to the roman armed force during circumstances of war episode. The Roman armed force during that period used this pathway in a broad way for providing proportion, fortifications and weapons to their cutting edge battling troops. After their extension inside Italy, the Roman Empire contributed huge measure of time and account as far as creating and acing the systems of far off roadway development. Inevitably with time, such pathways developed as critical connective lines among Rome and its procured areas. Because of all these roman turns of events, numerous immature social civic establishments additionally got the opportunities of creating and denoting their reality throughout the entire existence of humanity (National Geographic Society, â€Å"Rome Walking Tour: Ancient Appian Way†)2. The utility of the Appian Way again shaped a factor of verifiable noteworthiness because of Rome’s triumph against Samnite clans between the time of 343 and 341 BC. In actuality, the

20 People on Twitter Who Can Help You Save for College

For most of us, saving for our childrenï ¿ ½s college tuition doesnï ¿ ½t happen overnight. Itï ¿ ½s a long process, and as we put away money laws will change and new products will come available. Even if youï ¿ ½re currently investing in a 529 college savings plan, youï ¿ ½ll want to stay on top of the latest news. For example, this week we learned from @529guru Joseph Hurley when he tweeted about a bill that was introduced into Congress that would make 529 plans more attractive. If approved, it would result in favorable changes including allowing up to $25,000 of unused funds to be rolled to a Roth RIA under certain circumstances. So whether youï ¿ ½re actively saving for college or just starting to think about it, hereï ¿ ½s a list of 20 people whose tweets will help guide you through the college planning process. Joseph Hurley @529guru Joe Hurley is the Founder of savingforcollege.com and is widely recognized as a college savings and 529 plan industry expert. In 1999, he published ï ¿ ½The Best Way to Save for College ï ¿ ½ A Complete Guide to 529 Plansï ¿ ½, which has sold over 100,000 copies. Savingforcollege.com @saving4college With just shy of 10K followers, savingforcollege.com is a top source of objective information related to 529 plans and other ways to save and pay for college. GradSave @GradSave GradSave offers daily tweets covering college saving news and other lighthearted content that appeals to young families. Suze Orman @SuzeOrmanShow As one of the countryï ¿ ½s most respected personal finance experts, Emmy award winning TV host and NYTimes best selling author, Suze Orman maintains a strong presence on Twitter. If you tweet a question, she may even mention it and give you an answer during the Suze Orman Show, which airs on CNBC. Michael Kitces @MichaelKitces ï ¿ ½Does he ever sleep?ï ¿ ½ Michael is a nationally recognized speaker and commentator on financial planning issues for a variety of publications including the Wall Street Journal and Kiplinger Magazine. You will find him tweeting with his industry peers on a daily basis. Mark Kantrowitz @mkant Mark Kantrowitz is Senior Vice President and Publisher of the Edvisors network, a group of websites designed to help plan and pay for college. He is a nationally recognized expert on financial aid, scholarships and student loans. Money on College @Money_College MONEY magazine senior writer Kim Clark tweets about what you get for your money when it comes to paying for college. Tara Siegel Bernard @tarasbernard Tara is a personal finance reporter for the New York Times. She writes about various consumer issues, including retirement and college savings. 401kid, inc. @401kid 401kid, inc. shares news and advice with families and financial advisors trying to learn about college savings plans. In addition to providing investor education, the company sells college planning asset allocation software. Our Kids & Money @OurKidsandMoney Our Kids & Money is a website dedicated to helping kids and their families become confident about their financial choices. They tweet tips and information on all aspects of personal finance, including college savings. Lynne O'Shaughnessy @Collegeblogs As a college columnist for CBS MoneyWatch, Lynne calls herself an ï ¿ ½expert on shrinking college costsï ¿ ½. Youï ¿ ½ll often find her tweeting about topics like scholarships, grants and financial aid. Andrea Feirstein @529source AKF Consulting is the leading strategic advisor to the college savings industry and has advised 32 states on 529 plan implementation and development. Andrea Feirstein tweets the latest news about 529 plan functionality and investment options. Jeanmarie Keller @jeanmariekeller Jeanmarie Keller is the Founder of SmartPlanForCollege.com. She helps parents of college-bound students find ways to save on the cost of tuition. Her tweets are based on planning tips and finding the maximum scholarship and financial aid available. Liz Pulliam Weston @lizweston Liz is a personal finance columnist and best-selling author. Her tweets focus on helping those who are struggling improve their financial well being. Ron Lieber @ronlieber Ron Lieber is a well-known NY Times Your Money columnist who tweets about parenting, money and family values. Sharon Epperson @Sharon_Epperson CNBCï ¿ ½s Senior Commodities and Personal Finance Sharon Epperson keeps followers informed on the latest financial news and tax tips for families. She has appeared on the Today Show and teaches at Columbia. Caralee Adams @caraleeadams Caraleeï ¿ ½s Blog College Bound, featured in Education Week, highlights various obstacles that can prevent the opportunity for a college education. Her tweets touch on specific issues and how they are being resolved. Penelope Wang @PennyWriter Penelope offers personal finance related tweets that are timely and witty, geared toward the ï ¿ ½99%ï ¿ ½. Janet Novack @janetnovack Forbesï ¿ ½ Washington Bureau Chief Janet Novack offers insight on personal finance topics like tax, budget and retirement policy. AnnaMaria Andriotis @AAndriotis Wall Street Journalï ¿ ½s AnnaMaria Andriotis shares thoughts on consumer credit issues like mortgages, credit scores and college topics like financial aid, grants and 529 plans. For most of us, saving for our childrenï ¿ ½s college tuition doesnï ¿ ½t happen overnight. Itï ¿ ½s a long process, and as we put away money laws will change and new products will come available. Even if youï ¿ ½re currently investing in a 529 college savings plan, youï ¿ ½ll want to stay on top of the latest news. For example, this week we learned from @529guru Joseph Hurley when he tweeted about a bill that was introduced into Congress that would make 529 plans more attractive. If approved, it would result in favorable changes including allowing up to $25,000 of unused funds to be rolled to a Roth RIA under certain circumstances. So whether youï ¿ ½re actively saving for college or just starting to think about it, hereï ¿ ½s a list of 20 people whose tweets will help guide you through the college planning process. Joseph Hurley @529guru Joe Hurley is the Founder of savingforcollege.com and is widely recognized as a college savings and 529 plan industry expert. In 1999, he published ï ¿ ½The Best Way to Save for College ï ¿ ½ A Complete Guide to 529 Plansï ¿ ½, which has sold over 100,000 copies. Savingforcollege.com @saving4college With just shy of 10K followers, savingforcollege.com is a top source of objective information related to 529 plans and other ways to save and pay for college. GradSave @GradSave GradSave offers daily tweets covering college saving news and other lighthearted content that appeals to young families. Suze Orman @SuzeOrmanShow As one of the countryï ¿ ½s most respected personal finance experts, Emmy award winning TV host and NYTimes best selling author, Suze Orman maintains a strong presence on Twitter. If you tweet a question, she may even mention it and give you an answer during the Suze Orman Show, which airs on CNBC. Michael Kitces @MichaelKitces ï ¿ ½Does he ever sleep?ï ¿ ½ Michael is a nationally recognized speaker and commentator on financial planning issues for a variety of publications including the Wall Street Journal and Kiplinger Magazine. You will find him tweeting with his industry peers on a daily basis. Mark Kantrowitz @mkant Mark Kantrowitz is Senior Vice President and Publisher of the Edvisors network, a group of websites designed to help plan and pay for college. He is a nationally recognized expert on financial aid, scholarships and student loans. Money on College @Money_College MONEY magazine senior writer Kim Clark tweets about what you get for your money when it comes to paying for college. Tara Siegel Bernard @tarasbernard Tara is a personal finance reporter for the New York Times. She writes about various consumer issues, including retirement and college savings. 401kid, inc. @401kid 401kid, inc. shares news and advice with families and financial advisors trying to learn about college savings plans. In addition to providing investor education, the company sells college planning asset allocation software. Our Kids & Money @OurKidsandMoney Our Kids & Money is a website dedicated to helping kids and their families become confident about their financial choices. They tweet tips and information on all aspects of personal finance, including college savings. Lynne O'Shaughnessy @Collegeblogs As a college columnist for CBS MoneyWatch, Lynne calls herself an ï ¿ ½expert on shrinking college costsï ¿ ½. Youï ¿ ½ll often find her tweeting about topics like scholarships, grants and financial aid. Andrea Feirstein @529source AKF Consulting is the leading strategic advisor to the college savings industry and has advised 32 states on 529 plan implementation and development. Andrea Feirstein tweets the latest news about 529 plan functionality and investment options. Jeanmarie Keller @jeanmariekeller Jeanmarie Keller is the Founder of SmartPlanForCollege.com. She helps parents of college-bound students find ways to save on the cost of tuition. Her tweets are based on planning tips and finding the maximum scholarship and financial aid available. Liz Pulliam Weston @lizweston Liz is a personal finance columnist and best-selling author. Her tweets focus on helping those who are struggling improve their financial well being. Ron Lieber @ronlieber Ron Lieber is a well-known NY Times Your Money columnist who tweets about parenting, money and family values. Sharon Epperson @Sharon_Epperson CNBCï ¿ ½s Senior Commodities and Personal Finance Sharon Epperson keeps followers informed on the latest financial news and tax tips for families. She has appeared on the Today Show and teaches at Columbia. Caralee Adams @caraleeadams Caraleeï ¿ ½s Blog College Bound, featured in Education Week, highlights various obstacles that can prevent the opportunity for a college education. Her tweets touch on specific issues and how they are being resolved. Penelope Wang @PennyWriter Penelope offers personal finance related tweets that are timely and witty, geared toward the ï ¿ ½99%ï ¿ ½. Janet Novack @janetnovack Forbesï ¿ ½ Washington Bureau Chief Janet Novack offers insight on personal finance topics like tax, budget and retirement policy. AnnaMaria Andriotis @AAndriotis Wall Street Journalï ¿ ½s AnnaMaria Andriotis shares thoughts on consumer credit issues like mortgages, credit scores and college topics like financial aid, grants and 529 plans.

The Olympic Event Of Los Angeles - 1082 Words

Los Angeles is like any other major city around the world. Crowded population, busy businesses, and heavy traffic. But on the day I showed up for work in the cold morning, it was different. The streets are empty and blocked off at least one block apart, more law enforcement patrolling the streets, and people are beginning to line up on the side walk. As the sun begun to rise and the temperatures to warm up, hundreds of guests line up at the starting line. This day was no ordinary running event. Not just any marathon taken place, but qualifications to take 6 spots (three men, three women) to represent the United States for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Witnessing a historic event, I wonder why runners do it and what our Olympic runners will face in Rio? Through pain and sweat, the marathon runner will give their all for Olympic gold. One thing that can be observed in an Olympic event is the togetherness and unity of the population. In this Olympic trials, the crowd cheer s for the runner for various reasons; family and friends cheer for their support and the fans for both support and American pride. Despite for the hot weather sun starting to beat down on us, many still came in their tee-shirts or tank tops with mostly either American pride such as a waving flag shirt or any t-shirt that has a representation of the Olympics. A few people I did notice were wearing different versions of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics t-shirts. There choice of music is a mixture ofShow MoreRelatedThe Olympics : A Special World Tradition1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe Olympic Savior The Olympics have always been a special world tradition. More than just sports, its an event with such influence and spirit that it can unify an entire world of contrasting people. In its beginnings, the event was regarded so holy that even military threats and ongoing wars would be suspended for its duration. 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Management Report - 1872 Words

In today’s world of business, the ability to manage other human beings has many tasks. One of the major tasks of management is being able to effectively direct and control a team. When it comes to considering a position in management, having a leadership background is very important. There are a few things one must do in order to develop their leadership skills. The first thing that one needs is to have people skills. How easy is it for you to talk and communicate with someone? Can you carry on a conversation with someone without having long awkward pauses? Those things are important to master because as a manager, they’ll have to communicate with different people in different circumstances often and they must give feedback to their†¦show more content†¦Second, is learning specialized skills. A job seeker, who is considering a job position, will have to learn specific skills for the job. This does not mean to learn any kind of skills, it means to have time leaning different kinds of skills and thinking about which skills makes interests and attentions. Skills like handling a computer, for example, when learning about a computer makes interest in computers and makes it feel fun. This will be a good way to find the right position. Thus, looking for a right position, always be ready and look for interests. 4 Third, doing activities and making experiences. As long as people are living together with another, any kind of activities will be helpful. For example, there are more things to learn from marketing club. Not only know-hows and skills, but also communication with other people and interacting with another is an essential skill for the club. For finding a position, an internship can be a helpful tool for job seekers. During an internship program, interns can learn, do, and be trained. This will help the job seeker by doing the real work at a particular position. 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An Apologia for Byzantine Architecture Essay Example For Students

An Apologia for Byzantine Architecture Essay A session at tltc 1992 College Art Association was entitled The Byzantine and Islamic ‘Other: Orientalism and Art History. Among many related issues, it examined the marginalizations of Byzantine studies within the discipline of an history: Byzantium has become exoticizod, isolated from Western European developments, and identified as the â€Å"Other In a provocative paper. Robert Nelson pointed out that no survey tcxtlxsok presents the Byzantine period as contemporaneous w ith medieval Europe. Byzantium is cither viewed as the end of Antiquity or as ihe beginning of the Dark Ages. Eater Byzaniinc developments—those coeval with the Romanesque and Gothic styles of Western Europe — are usually omitted, not lilting into a neatly encapsulated, linear view of European cultural history. Most textbooks sim ply stop with Hagia Sophia in Constantinople or with San Marco in Venice But the separation of Byzantium from medieval Europe goes beyond the textbooks. Many medieval ists are now of the opinion that Byzantine civilization is not a pan of European history, thus justifying its complete omission from their teaching. I’ve often suspected that there was more interchange of ideas between Byzantium and West during the Middle Ages than there is between scholars of the respective areas today My own view is that Byzantine studies have noi be come marginalized—for if they had. they would now hold a more commanding position in our post-structuralist dis courses. Rather, they have only been semi-marginalized, fall ing through the cracks between the main line and the truly exotic. Part of the fault for this lies with the Byzanlinists. under the authoritative guidance of Dumbarton Oaks we have learned to emphasize cultural history: thus. Byzantine   architecture is best understood as a reflection of the liturgy, monasticism. and imperial ceremonial rather than as a part of larger developments in European or world architecture. At the same time the sweeping generalizations of scholars like Rivoira. Stray gowski, and others have long since been discounted.   For example, wc dont need the monuments of Early Christian Syria to explain the origins of the Roman esque twin-towered facade: the church at Qalb Lozch and St.-Etienne at Caen arc separated by centuries and by thou sands of kilometers, and they must represent independent developments.- Nor do wc need the basilica of liagios Deni etnos at Thessaloniki to justify the Western European devel opment of the alternating support system prevalent in German Romanesque churches, such as those at Gcmrodc and Hil desheim. And in spite of Siraygowskis enthusiasm, Arme nian church architecture has not proven to be the missing link for the origins of Romanesque structural articulation. Byzantine architecture is by todays view more distant from Western Europe than it appeared to be one hundred years ago. It may be better viewed as a parallel development, but it was certainly not without some degree of interchange. The domed churches in Southern Italy and in Aquitaine may only be properly understood w ith a Byzantine prototype The use ol the square bay topped by a hemispherical dome on pcnilcn lives is characteristic of all of these buildings, and the fivc domcd plans of St.-Front at Ptfrigueux and S Marco ai Venice ultimately derive from the church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Similarly, the appearance of the flying but tresses in Byzantium must reflect Gothic construction during die Latin Occupation of the thirteenth century : for example, die form of the single flying buttress bracing the apse of the Chora in Constantinople is somewhat similar to those at Luon Cathedral. Stained glass and heraldry also may appear in Byzantium as Western introductions, although both of these arc problematic.’ Ncvcrthclc.vs. the idea persists that the Byz antine period preceded the medieval: I suspect that in many instances Byzantium is dismissed precisely because it can no longer be systematically mined for sources and influences. In spite of the objective distancing that has occurred in recent scholarship, it is nevertheless difficult to view Byz antine architecture without preconceptions based on a knowl edge of Western medieval architecture. That is to say. our picture of Byzantine architecture has been colored by the development of Western European architecture in the same   period. Wc arc consequently programmed to expect some thing like a linear pattern of evolution, new structural achievements, and building on the grandest of scales. Byzan tine architecture fails to live up to such great expectations, and. accordingly, it has been dismissed by medievalists as small, stugnant. and dull.’ Arc such accusations justified, or do they simply reflect the cultural baggage we carry as medievalists? In this paper. I shall attempt to rescue Byzan tine architecture from utter disregard by correcting several popular misconceptions. First misconception: Byzantine architecture is small be cause the masons were incapable ol building anything larger (Figs. 1-2). In the study of medieval architecture, creativity is often linked with size: big is seen as better, and archi- tectural inventiveness is tied to structural innovatio n on the grandest of scales Limited scale becomes equated with limited skill. Certainly nothing like llagu Sophia was at tempted after tire sixth century, but it really wasnt necessary. Built to be unique. Ilagia Sophia remained a white elephant through most of its later history. To expect later architec ture to follow suit ignores some basic functional consider ations Students of the Byzantine liturgy have emphasized the â€Å"privatization of Byzantine worship: both lay turd mo nastic congregations were small, even in urban areas. The architectural response took the form of numerous small-scale churches with annexed chapels Within the churches a series of independent, subsidiary spaces w as created, enveloping the naos—as at St. Panteleimon ai Nerezi (1164). where the four corner bays arc filled by domed chapels . This stands in contrast to Western developments such as the cbcvcl and side aisle chapels Thai similar concerns were addressed in very different manners in the Last and in the West may be instructive. For example, in the eleventh century the Holy Sepulchre in Je rusalem was rebuilt bv the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomachus in a typical Byzantine manner .1 The founh-ccntury Basilica had been destroyed and was not re built; instead, the Anastasis Rotunda, containing the Tomb of Christ, became the focus of the complex A system of sub- sidiary chapels on two levels was joined to the Rotunda, the most important connected by a porticocd courtyard. This series of independent, private devotional spaces served the needs of the Byzantine visitor. Following the successful com pletion of the First Crusade in 1099, much of the Byzantine addition was replaced, in spite of its relative newness. Tire Crusader â€Å"improvement actually attempted a Western solu tion to the same problem the Byzantine reconstruction had addressed: the unification of tle numerous sites within the complex. The major chapels were joined under one roof as a transept and pilgrimage choir replaced the courtyard, and an ambulatory with radiating apsidioles replaced the portico and chapels. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture EssayThe attempt to develop a typological framework for Byzantine architecture based on a Western European model may have also misdirected our interpretation ol Bvzantmc monasticism. and the subject deserves a brief excursus. From the ninth century’ onward. European monasteries follow a carefully constructed typology that corresponded in many ways to requirements for monastic life set forth in the Rule of St. Benedict. Beginning with the St. Gall plan, a standard organization of church, cloister, and refectory was estab- lished In contrast. By antine monasticism. following tire Rule of St. Basil, was not so rigidly organized, nor were the units so large—nor, unfortunately, are they so well-preserved as their Western European counterparts. Seeking an archi tectural typology lor Byzantine monasticism. Orlandos and others have focused almost exclusively on Post-Byzantine monuments, such as the monasteries of Mount Athos. New excavations, such as those on Ml. Papikion in northern Greece and at numerous sites in the former Yugoslavia, only serve to emphasize the lack of an established system of or ganization for Eastern monasticism. The translation and commentary of all Byzantine typika (monastic rules), now in preparation for publication by Dumbarton Oaks, should greatly assist our investigations. I suspect that the view of Byzantine monasticism from a Western perspective has led to the willful misidcntihca tion of well-organized architectural complexes as monastic. Stephen Hill has recently suggested the removal of Alahan Manastir and several other Anatolian complexes from the category of monasteries, and others arc long overdue for reassessment. In a recent book Lyn Rodlcy examines the rock-cut monasteries of Cappadocia. a region in which con siderably more evidence is preserved than elsewhere in the Byzantine Empire.- She divides the monasteries into two types: courtyard monasteries and refectory monasteries. Those which possess a refectory (or tmpeza) with a rock-cut tabic and benches tend to be small and disordered, but with the church and refectory in central positions. The so-called courtyard monasteries have a well organized grouping of rooms around a rock cut court with portico along the main facade and the church if one is included—off to one side. The latter type usually have a large, iransversally or longitudinally-planned hall and fre quently a centrally-planned hall in tire main suite of rooms, but they have no clearly identified refectory. Traditionally Cappadocia has been viewed as an area of monastic settlement. This view was expressed as a romantic reaction to the harsh landscape by early Western visitors, and it was further developed by Father Jerphanion. who began the systematic study of the region His focus was the Ciflreme Valley, which clearly a high density of mon- asteries. As scholars have explored and recorded other set tlements of the region, they inevitabl y identify them as monastic, and one might begin to believe that Cappadocia was inhabited solely by monks. Were all of these settlements actually monasteries .The presence of a refectory i » a good indicator, but what about the so-called courtyard monaster ies? Rodley notes that several of the courtyard complexes lack churches: that the quality of the painted decoration   By antinists lo look lor similar forms and a similar organiza tion in the East. Bui. as with church planning. Byzantine monasteries followed their own direction. In Byzantium as sociations between monastic planning and domestic archi tecture may be closer than in the West. Paul Magdalino has noted the similarities between By/antine household organi zation and monastic organization, and there arc recorded in stances of palaces being converted to monasteries without signiticant change. All of this goes to say that a typology based on Western European models or a similarity of forms may provide an erroneous picture of Byzaniinc monasticism Third misconception. Byzantine architecture is dull. In their introductory textbook to the history of architecture. Trachtenberg and Hyman dismiss later Byzantine architec ture because â€Å"nothing truly radical was built. complaining that space no longer breathes but seems almost airless. Ar chitectural gestures arc no longer bold, but nervous and in hibited. According to them, these Byzantine developments cannot rightly be called medieval, but arc merely dehydrated Hagia Sophias. Arc these fair criticisms for an introductory textbook? Perhaps we expect Byzantine architecture to be something that it isnt. As fur as I can tell. Trachtenberg and Hyman expect it to be Gothic. Byzantine descriptions of architecture may help to refocus our view, because they tell us what the medieval viewer found noteworthy. In most descriptions, the details are given precedence at the expense of the clear delinea- tion of live structure. Plans arc never dcscribcJ. vet the dif ferent types of marbles are itemized, and certain impressive furnishings arc presented in detail. In a description of the monastery of Kauleas at Constantinople. leo VI (886-912) paid special attention to the mosaics and the marbles, con cluding. These have a beauty that corresponds exactly to that of the rest of the church. 40 A building becomes a sum of components, described close-up and selectively, whereas the overall form remains nebulous. The same emphasis on detail is evident when wc exam ine the architecture. It may be cxprcvscd through a concern for individual components, tor the decorated surface rather than the unification of architectural forms, or simply through architectural changes carried out on a small scale and in volving only certain parts of a building. To properly under stand Byantioc architecture. I suspect we should be looking at the little picture rather than the big picture. Understood on its own terms. Byzantine architecture has not only charm, but a valuable position in the history of architecture It is possible to view Byzantine architeciure as a parallel to the Western European developments: scale and form may differ, but similar structural and aesthetic concerns arc ad dressed in both cultures, with varying results. For example, the structural clarity of the Nlyrclaion parallels that of the Romanesque. The sophisticated structural system of Hosios Loukas might Ire compared to an early Gothic system. The unity of aesthetic and structural concerns, seen in the intenor design of the Chora, may parallel the High Gothic The em phasis on formal concerns at the expense of structural clarity, seen at the Pammakarislos. corresponds to Hite Gothic But this is not to say that one necessarily depended upon or influenced the other Rather, it suggests (hat both addressed the specific needs of societies in more-or-less similar stages of development, albeit with different social and economic structures. In the final analysis, the differences in the archi tecture arc as illuminating as the similarities. But our under standing of one culture should not limit our interpretation of the other—or of the ‘ Other.